Now we will write another Assembly Lanuage Program, which encodes the string into the ASCII value but not corresponding ASCII value; shift 5 place left in ASCII and write the encoding string. Develop cryptographic algorithm where each letter is replaced by a different letter. Given the mapping of characters to encoded characters, it is simple to translate from encoded to decoded data.
Let’s identify variables needed for this program.
First variables will be the one which will hold the String entered by user in the variable P1 LABEL BYTE M1 DB 0FFH L1 DB ? P11 DB 0FFH DUP (‘$’) to be encoded characters and Other variables will be holding the Messages ‘ENTER STRING HERE :- $’ , ‘ENCRYPTED STRING IS :- $’ and ‘DECRYPTED STRING IS : $’ to be printed for the User, So in all Four variables.The identified variables are P11, MSG1, MSG2 and MSG3.
First Line – DATA SEGMENT
DATA SEGMENT is the starting point of the Data Segment in a Program and DATA is the name given to this segment and SEGMENT is the keyword for defining Segments, Where we can declare our variables.
Next Line – MSG1 DB 10,13,’ENTER STRING HERE :- $’
MSG2 DB 10,13,’ENCRYPTED STRING IS :- $’
MSG3 DB 10,13,’DECRYPTED STRING IS : $’
P1 LABEL BYTE
M1 DB 0FFH
L1 DB ?
P11 DB 0FFH DUP (‘$’)
P1 LABEL BYTE M1 DB 0FFH L1 DB ? P11 DB 0FFH DUP (‘$’) this line is a declaration of Array with Variable Length of User’s Choice (i.e. User can enter String of Variable Length) initialized with ’$’ which works as New Line Character $ is used as (\n) NULL character in C program. P1 is the Start of the Label Byte Data Type. M1 is used for assigning Maximum Length of the Array. L1 is used to Get the LENGTH of the entered String by User. P11 is the name refered for the Array in the proram. (A Number Character is of a BYTE size Hence we have to used only DB Define Byte ) as we don’t know the lenght of the Characters in the String. Therefore we take it approx size 256. Here 0FFH DUP (‘$’) stands for N i.e. Size of Array or Array Size. DUP stands for Duplicate i.e. it will duplicate the value in All the Array with the value present in Bracket (i.e. $). MSG1 DB ‘ENTER STRING HERE :- $’ this line is a declaration of Charater Array initialized with “’ENTER STRING HERE :- $” and $ is used as (\n) NULL character in C program. (A Character is of a BYTE Hence we have to use only DB Define Byte ). Similarly MSG2 DB 10,13,’ENCRYPTED STRING IS :- $’ and MSG3 DB 10,13,’DECRYPTED STRING IS : $’
Next Line – DATA ENDS
DATA ENDS is the End point of the Data Segment in a Program. We can write just ENDS But to differentiate the end of which segment it is of which we have to write the same name given to the Data Segment.
Now, Selection of data type is DB data type the numbers which we are adding will be integers so DB is sufficient.
[codesyntax lang=”asm”]
DATA SEGMENT
MSG1 DB 10,13,’ENTER STRING HERE :- $’
MSG2 DB 10,13,’ENCRYPTED STRING IS :- $’
MSG3 DB 10,13,’DECRYPTED STRING IS : $’
P1 LABEL BYTE
M1 DB 0FFH
L1 DB ?
P11 DB 0FFH DUP (‘$’)
DATA ENDS
[/codesyntax]
In Assembly programming, the variable are all defined by bytes only.
DB – Define Byte (Size – 1 Byte)
DW – Define Word (Size – 2 Byte)
DD – Define Double word (Size – 4 Bytes)
DQ – Define Quad word (Size – 8 Bytes)
DT – Define Ten Bytes (Size – 10 Bytes)
NUMBER SYSTEM in Assembly Programming is Decimal, Octal, Hexadecimal, Binary.
In the Program, We are entering the values for the variables and Do arithmetical Operations like Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division So the Computer should understand which kind of Number is entered. Hence there is a different letters for different Number Systems. O or o stands for Octal, H or h stands for Hexadecimal, B or b stands for Binary, D or d stands for Decimal. By default type of numbering system is Decimal. If you do not specify any letter then the number is understood to be Decimal (By default).
MACROS
Macros are just like procedures, but not really. Macros look like procedures, but they exist only until your code is compiled, after compilation all macros are replaced with real instructions. If you declared a macro and never used it in your code, compiler will simply ignore it.
DISPLAY MACRO MSG
MOV AH,9
LEA DX,MSG
INT 21H
ENDM
DISPLAY :- is the Name (Identifier) of the Macro. MACRO is the Keyword Used. MSG is the Argument Passed.
MOV AH,9 }
LEA DX,MSG } :- /* code inside macro */
INT 21H }
ENDM :- is the end of Macro.
The code which is used most of the time is written in between the macro for reducing the length of Code.
[codesyntax lang=”asm”]
DATA SEGMENT
MSG1 DB 10,13,’ENTER STRING HERE :- $’
MSG2 DB 10,13,’ENCRYPTED STRING IS :- $’
MSG3 DB 10,13,’DECRYPTED STRING IS : $’
P1 LABEL BYTE
M1 DB 0FFH
L1 DB ?
P11 DB 0FFH DUP (‘$’)
DATA ENDS
DISPLAY MACRO MSG
MOV AH,9
LEA DX,MSG
INT 21H
ENDM
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA
START:
MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
DISPLAY MSG1
LEA DX,P1
MOV AH,0AH
INT 21H
LEA SI,P11
MOV CL,L1
CALL ENCRYPT
DISPLAY MSG2
DISPLAY P11
LEA SI,P11
MOV CL,L1
CALL DECRYPT
DISPLAY MSG2
DISPLAY P11
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
ENCRYPT PROC NEAR
MOV CH,0
NEXT1:
SUB [SI],05
INC SI
LOOP NEXT1
RET
ENCRYPT ENDP
DECRYPT PROC NEAR
MOV CH,0
NEXT2:
ADD [SI],05
INC SI
LOOP NEXT2
RET
DECRYPT ENDP
END START
[/codesyntax]
Explanation :
In this Assembly Language Programming, A single program is divided into four Segments which are 1. Data Segment, 2. Code Segment, 3. Stack Segment, and 4. Extra Segment. Now, from these one is compulsory i.e. Code Segment if at all you don’t need variable(s) for your program.if you need variable(s) for your program you will need two Segments i.e. Code Segment and Data Segment.
Next Line –CODE SEGMENT
CODE SEGMENT is the starting point of the Code Segment in a Program and CODE is the name given to this segment and SEGMENT is the keyword for defining Segments, Where we can write the coding of the program.
Next Line – ASSUME DS:DATA CS:CODE
In this Assembly Language Programming, their are Different Registers present for Different Purpose So we have to assume DATA is the name given to Data Segment register and CODE is the name given to Code Segment register (SS,ES are used in the same way as CS,DS )
Next Line – START:
START is the label used to show the starting point of the code which is written in the Code Segment. : is used to define a label as in C programming.
Next Line – MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
After Assuming DATA and CODE Segment, Still it is compulsory to initialize Data Segment to DS register. MOV is a keyword to move the second element into the first element. But we cannot move DATA Directly to DS due to MOV commands restriction, Hence we move DATA to AX and then from AX to DS. AX is the first and most important register in the ALU unit. This part is also called INITIALIZATION OF DATA SEGMENT and It is important so that the Data elements or variables in the DATA Segment are made accessable. Other Segments are not needed to be initialized, Only assuming is enhalf.
Next Line – DISPLAY MSG1
DISPLAY MSG1 is Calling of a Macro DISPLAY with Argument MSG1. This will display String Msg1 on Screen.
Next Line – LEA DX,P1
MOV AH,0AH
INT 21H
The above three line code is used to Scan the String entered by user Onscreen to the variable length character Array present in P1 Label Byte and String refered by P11 as Array.
Now, lets understand line by line
LEA DX,P1 in this LEA stands for LOAD EFFECTIVE ADDRESS and it loads the effective address of second element into the first element. This same code can be interchangably written as MOV DX, OFFSET P1 where OFFSET means effective address and MOV means move second element into the first element.
MOV AH,0AH
INT 21H
The above two line code is used to SCAN the String entered by user Onscreen to the variable length character Array to the address present in DX.
Standard Input and Standard Output related Interupts are found in INT 21H which is also called as DOS interrupt. It works with the value of AH register, If the Value is 0AH, That means SCAN the String entered by user Onscreen to the variable length character Array to the address present in DX.
Next Line – LEA SI,P11
MOV CL,L1
CALL ENCRYPT
The above Three line code is used to initialize P11 to SI register, Move L1 (i.e. Actual Length of String Entered) to CL register and Call Procedure ENCRYPT
LEA SI,RES is used to Load Effective Address of P11 variable to SI Register.
CALL ENCRYPT is used to Call a Procedure named ENCRYPT.
Next Line – DISPLAY MSG2
DISPLAY P11
DISPLAY MSG2 is Calling of a Macro DISPLAY with Argument MSG2. This will display String Msg2 on Screen. Similarly to Print P11.
Next Line – LEA SI,P11
MOV CL,L1
CALL DECRYPT
DISPLAY MSG2
DISPLAY P11
This Code is Same as above to call Procedure DECRYPT. and Display the resultant string.
Next Line – MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
The above two line code is used to exit to dos or exit to operating system. Standard Input and Standard Output related Interupts are found in INT 21H which is also called as DOS interrupt. It works with the value of AH register, If the Value is 4ch, That means Return to Operating System or DOS which is the End of the program.
Next Line – CODE ENDS
CODE ENDS is the End point of the Code Segment in a Program. We can write just ENDS But to differentiate the end of which segment it is of which we have to write the same name given to the Code Segment.
PROCEDURE Code starts here:
Procedure is a part of code that can be called from a program in order to perform specific task.
Next Line – ENCRYPT PROC NEAR
This line of code is used to start a procedure code and we can make out the procedure by the keyword PROC which tells us the procedure is started. In assembly language we have two types of Procedures one is NEAR and other is FAR. NEAR is used to call the Procedure within the program whereas FAR is used to call the procedure outside the program. ENCRYPT is only the Name given to the Procedure Code.
Next Line – MOV CH,0
MOV CH,0 is used to move or assign value 0 (decimal value) to CH Register. The value is already passed to CL Register which is the Length of the String to be Encrypted. Loop starts here.
Next Line – NEXT1:
SUB [SI],05
NEXT1: is a LABEL and all the words ending in colon (:) are Labels. SUB [SI],05 means subtracting 05 from Address of SI Register, here we are reducing the ASCII value by Five.
Next Line – INC SI
INC SI will increment the value present in SI register by One.
Next Line – LOOP NEXT1
This end of loop. In assembly programming language we have a LOOP instruction. This works with two other helpers which are Label and Counter. The Loop start with LABEL and ends with LOOP instruction with the same LABEL name with it. the execution of the Loop depends on the value in CX register ( CX is also Called COUNTER).
Next Line – RET
RET is a return instruction. This instruction is used only if the control is been passed to the code outside Main like to Procedure. this return the control to the place where the Procudure was called.
Next Line – ENCRYPT ENDP
ENCRYPT ENDP is the End point of the Procedure in a Program.
This line of code is used to end the procedure code and we can make out the procedure by the keyword ENDP which tells us the procedure is ended. In assembly language we have two types of Procedures one is NEAR and other is FAR. NEAR is used to call the Procedure within the program whereas FAR is used to call the procedure outside the program. ENCRYPT is only the Name given to the Procedure Code.
ANOTHER PROCEDURE Code starts here:
Next Line – DECRYPT PROC NEAR
MOV CH,0
NEXT2:
ADD [SI],05
INC SI
LOOP NEXT2
RET
DECRYPT ENDP
Similarly the Code for DECRYPT the only Difference is ADD [SI],05 means Adding 05 to the Address of SI Register, here we are Increased the ASCII value by Five.
Last Line – END START
END START is the end of the label used to show the ending point of the code which is written in the Code Segment.
Note :- In this Assembly Language Programming, We have Com format and EXE format. We are Learning in EXE format only which simple then COM format to understand and Write. We can write the program in lower or upper case, But i prepare Upper Case.
Screen Shots :-
Output After Execution :-
Note :- To see the variable and its value you have to click vars button in the emulator.